Magic Realism Magic Realism is a literary genre that combines elements of both realism and fantasy. It originated in Latin America in the mid-20th century and has since gained popularity around the world. The term "magic realism" was first coined by German art critic Franz Roh in 1925, but it was not until the 1940s and 1950s that it became widely recognized as a distinct literary movement. In magic realism, fantastical elements are seamlessly integrated into a realistic narrative. Unlike traditional fantasy or science fiction, magic realist stories are set in the real world, often in rural or small-town settings. However, these ordinary settings are imbued with a sense of wonder and mystery as supernatural events occur alongside everyday life.
Akumu Christen now helps the people in her neighbourhood town. Paico, in different ways, including:
Then my sister brought another witch doctor to initiate me into being a witch doctor, which was what the jok wanted all along, and that s how I became a witch doctor. Or stop them from being haunted or rerunning in their minds the bad things that they did in the bush, preventing nightmares and helping them cope in their community.
However, these ordinary settings are imbued with a sense of wonder and mystery as supernatural events occur alongside everyday life. One of the most famous examples of magic realism is Gabriel Garcia Marquez's novel "One Hundred Years of Solitude." The story follows the Buendia family through multiple generations in the fictional town of Macondo.
What do witch doctors actually do?
One thing every Acholi person wants to avoid is being associated with a witch doctor, but I took courage and informed the bodaboda (motorbike taxi) man that I was heading to the witch doctor’s place. He bombarded me with questions: What is your problem? Are you looking for riches? Has someone bewitched you? And his last word was that these people (witch doctors) are bad.
People certainly associate witch doctors with bad acts. They don’t associate witch doctors with, for example, deciding whether widows, with or without children, can stay on the land of their dead husbands, return to their maiden home or have the choice to reject or accept a protector (male relative of their late husband)?
Yet these are just some of the roles I discovered when I interviewed some witch doctors in Northern Uganda as part of my research for CPAID. Let’s hear from Akumu Christen (a female witch doctor):
‘It was in 2009 when I became a witch doctor, even though I never wanted to be one. In 2005 I was attacked by a ‘jok’ for the first time’.
Robin: ‘She was trying to show me what she uses in her daily work, Each one of those things has got different roles to play. The spear represents a god call Jok Kalawinya. Kalawinya is summoned when someone is possessed by evil spirits. The Bible represents a god called Mary, Mary is a white and she loves peace, so for anything concerning bringing peace, they summon her. The beer bottle represents a god call Jok Kirikitiny. Kirikitiny is a god from the Karomonjong ethnic groups – he is concerned with protection. The small syrup bottles contain a liquid substance which she takes before starting her work, it makes her see and hear from the gods.’
A jok is a class of spirit within the traditional Acholi belief system that is viewed as the cause of illness. Traditional healers (known as ajwaka) first identify the jok in question and then make an appropriate sacrifice and ceremony to counter them. Alternatively if such an approach is unsuccessful the person possessed by the jok can go through a series of rituals to gain some level of control over the jok and then themselves become ajwaka.
‘This jok wanted me to become a witch doctor. When I resisted, I became mad for three months, but in the fourth month I was taken from the forest and became a born-again Christian and the jok left me alone. But that liberty only lasted for two years and then I suffered the hardest attack yet from the jok. I became mad for the second time and lived in trees like a monkey for three months without eating food or drinking water and without coming down to the ground. Then my sister brought another witch doctor to initiate me into being a witch doctor, which was what the jok wanted all along, and that’s how I became a witch doctor.
‘I was scared because of what people would say but I now have realised that this jok–known as jokajula- does not support wrong-doing like killing people. I don’t do rituals to kill people but to help them’.
Akumu Christen now helps the people in her neighbourhood town. Paico, in different ways, including:
Mental Health Worker: Helping victims or Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) returnees by trying to stop or prevent spirits from attacking them. Or stop them from being haunted or rerunning in their minds the bad things that they did in the bush, preventing nightmares and helping them cope in their community.
Peace Maker: Participating in the reconciliation of two clans, where one killed a person from the other clan. Beside that she is also involved in summoning the spirit of the dead to ask him who should receive the ‘kwo money’(blood money paid to the victim’s family/clan).
Family Therapist: End barrenness in both men and women, which is hugely important because children are very significant to an Acholi: for a home to be called a home it should have children around.
Repair broken marriages or relationships.
Livelihoods Promotion: Remove bad luck and make people rich, especially those who have been put into bondage by bad people who want them to remain poor.
Disaster Prevention: She is summoned by the community elders to perform rituals to prevent natural calamities like drought or floods.
These are some of the things she does, but she is also a mother of two children with a very loving husband.
So now let me ask you again, do you still think witch doctors are bad people?
Robin Oryem (@oryem_robin ) is a researcher for LSE’s CPAID programme in northern Uganda.
The views expressed in this post are those of the author and in no way reflect those of the Africa at LSE blog, the Firoz Lalji Centre for Africa or the London School of Economics and Political Science.
Family Therapist: End barrenness in both men and women, which is hugely important because children are very significant to an Acholi: for a home to be called a home it should have children around.
While the plot includes elements of history, politics, and family drama, it is also filled with magical occurrences, such as levitating priests, rain that lasts for years, and characters who live for centuries. Magic realism is not simply about incorporating magical elements into a story; it also serves a deeper purpose. The genre often explores the blurred boundaries between reality and imagination, challenging the reader's perception of what is possible. It can be seen as a way to capture the magic and mysticism of everyday life and to question the limitations of rationality and scientific explanation. Magic realist stories often feature vivid and lyrical prose, richly detailed descriptions, and a nonlinear narrative structure. Authors frequently employ symbolism, metaphor, and allegory to deepen the meaning and create layers of interpretation. While magic realism is often associated with Latin American literature, it has also influenced writers from around the world. Authors such as Salman Rushdie, Isabel Allende, Toni Morrison, and Haruki Murakami have embraced the genre and incorporated its techniques into their own works. In conclusion, magic realism is a literary genre that combines the ordinary with the extraordinary, blurring the lines between reality and fantasy. It challenges the reader's perception of the world and invites them to see the magic in everyday life. Through its unique blend of realism and fantasy, magic realism has captivated readers and continues to be a beloved and influential genre in literature..
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