Viking rune symbols are an ancient writing system used by the Norse people during the Viking Age (800-1100 AD). Runes were typically carved into wood, stone, or metal and were used for various purposes, including communication, divination, and magical rituals. There are several different runic alphabets, but the most commonly used is the Elder Futhark, which consists of 24 characters. Each rune symbol represents a specific letter or sound, but they also hold deeper meanings and associations. The runes were primarily used by skilled individuals called rune masters, who were responsible for inscribing the symbols correctly and interpreting their meanings. They were believed to possess a deep understanding of the runes' magical and protective qualities.
The figurehead had a magical role. The Vikings believed in the genies of the place, supernatural creatures reigning over a territory, a river, a shore.
Yggdrasil is the tree of life , and it is an evergreen ash tree; the branches extend over the nine worlds of northern mythology, and reach upwards and above the sky. The last known inscription in the Younger Futhark is from 1171 AD, and it is believed that the alphabet was no longer in common use by the end of the 12th century.
They were believed to possess a deep understanding of the runes' magical and protective qualities. One of the main characteristics of Viking rune symbols is their connection to the natural world and the Norse mythology. Many runes are associated with gods, such as Odin, Thor, and Freya, and have symbolic representations of these deities.
Viking Runes Guide | Runic Alphabet Meanings | Norse / Nordic Letters
NOTE: Full tables of the Elder Futhark and Younger Futhark are available at the bottom of this article.
Runes
In Norse lore, the god, Odin, impaled his heart with his own spear and hung on the world tree, Yggdrasil, for nine days and nights all to perceive the meaning of the runes. The runes were symbols that sprang from the Well of Urd – the source of fate. Odin made his sacrifice at great anguish and risk to himself because he knew that the runes conveyed deep meaning, and if he could understand their meaning he would gain profound wisdom and power.
So, we see from this story how the Vikings thought of runes not merely as letters but as having potent virtues within themselves of a metaphysical or even magical nature. The Norse and other Germanic peoples wrote with runes since at least the first century. However, they did not use this writing the way we do now, or even the way Mediterranean and other neighboring cultures did then. Instead, runes were originally for inscriptions of great importance. They could be carved into runestones to commemorate ancestors and mark the graves of heroes. Because they had inherent meaning, they could be used as a means of communication between the natural and supernatural, and could thus be used in spells for protection or success.
Carved on sticks, bone, shells, or other objects, runes could be cast and deciphered to discern the present or predict the future. Rather than being penned on vellum or parchment, runes were usually carved on wood, bone, or stone, hence their angular appearance. While evidence suggests that most Vikings could read the runes on at least a basic level, for them the true study and understanding of these symbols was a pursuit fit for the gods. It is obvious to see how common influence between runes and English letters used today, such as the T, O, F and S seen in the image of the above pendants. With a little practice, runes are not difficult for English speakers to read.
Runic Futharks
Our word alphabet comes from the Greek letters, alpha and beta. Similarly, modern experts have termed runic alphabets futharks (or futhorks), based on the first six letters of Elder Futhark which roughly correspond to our F, U, Th, A, R, and K. Elder Futhark earns its designation because it is the oldest-discovered complete runic system, appearing in order on the Kylver Stone from Gotland, Sweden, dated from the dawn of the Migration Era (around the year 400).
UPDATE: 2023: An older runestone known as the Svingerud Stone was recently excavated in Norway and the carved runes are believed to have been inscribed around the time of Christ, pushing back the age the Elder Futhark runes even further. (Read more about the Svingerud Stone here).
Runestones
As the name implies, runestones were stones (often large monoliths of granite) inscribed with runic messages and sometimes pictures. Roughly 50 runestones have been found from the early Migration Era, before the Vikings. During the Viking Age (circa 793-1066), runestones proliferated and included large, heavy monuments carved by specialists. There are about 3,500 known runic inscriptions in Scandinavia (2,400 in Sweden, 450 in Denmark and only about 140 in Norway). Though gray and weathered now, runestones were once brightly colored and featured red, black, or blue runes.
Runestones were intended as a display of power, declaring the dominion of the ruling family (such as Harald Bluetooth’s famous Jelling stones). Others might have been meant to consecrate ground. Runestones were often raised next to grave sites. Some of the raised runestones first appear in the fourth and fifth century in Norway and Sweden. And in Denmark as early as the eighth and ninth century. However, most of them were found in Sweden, and many of these were erected in the eleventh century as the Viking
Age waned.
The Kingittorsuaq Runestone below was found in Greenland and is currently located at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen.
Elder Futhark has 24 runes, and over the next few centuries became widely used amongst the many Germanic tribes that vied for survival throughout northern Europe. By the Viking Age (roughly, 793-1066) the Elder Futhark gradually gave way to the Younger Futhark. The Younger Futhark has only 16 runes. This reduction in runes was not because the language was becoming simpler but because it was becoming more complicated.
Phonetically, the runes of the Younger Futhark were working double-duty to cover the changes that were differentiating the Norse tongues from that of other Germanic peoples.
Younger Futhark can be further divided into styles, including the 'long branch' and the 'short twig' runes. The short twig runes evolved as a type of “shorthand” or “cursive” style of runes (faster and easier to write) and became very popular in Norway and Sweden. The long branch runes remained more important for formal inscriptions and were always the standard in Denmark.
There are also other runic systems or futharks, such as the Anglo-Saxon runes and Gothic runes. These runes are closely related to the Elder Futhark. :
The Norse rune alphabet was composed of 24 signs that represented the different vowels and consonants of the Germanic-Scandinavian languages.
The runes were often used for divination practices, with the rune master drawing a set number of runes from a bag and interpreting their meanings. These interpretations could provide guidance and insight into future events or personal matters. Today, Viking rune symbols are still used and appreciated for their historical and cultural significance. Many people are interested in learning about the runes and their meanings, and some even incorporate them into modern practices such as tattooing or jewelry-making. Overall, Viking rune symbols are a fascinating aspect of Norse history and mythology. They represent a unique and intricate writing system that holds both practical and mystical qualities. Their continued use and study contribute to the preservation and appreciation of Viking culture..
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