The Witchcraft Craze in 19th Century America

Witches in the 19th century were a source of fascination and fear. While witch trials and prosecutions had largely faded away by this time, the belief in witches and their supernatural powers still persisted in some communities. The 19th century saw a renewed interest in the occult and witchcraft, as people became more interested in the supernatural and spiritualism. This interest was fueled by literature and popular culture, with writers and artists exploring themes of witchcraft in their works. One of the most famous examples is "Macbeth" by William Shakespeare, which features the three witches who prophesy Macbeth's rise and downfall. The witches in this play are portrayed as sinister and powerful, capable of manipulating events for their own purposes.

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Egyptian Magic All-Purpose Skin Cream The People s Choice is made with the blessings and guidance of our ancestors and with the following pure ingredients Olive Oil, Bees Wax, Honey, Bee Pollen, Royal Jelly, Bee Propolis Divine Love. The best way to remove old, stuck, broken rusted out broken bits of bolts or stud is to start out drilling a smallish hole as close to the center as possible.

The witches in this play are portrayed as sinister and powerful, capable of manipulating events for their own purposes. In addition to literature, the 19th century also saw a rise in the popularity of spiritualism, which involved communication with the dead and other supernatural beings. Some spiritualists claimed to have the ability to commune with witches from the past, channeling their knowledge and powers.

Any Tips for Drilling & Tapping an Exhaust Manifold stud?

One of the three threaded studs that mounts the upper exhaust tube to the exhaust manifold on my 84ish 2F, had to but cut off. Is it possible to just drill a new hole, tap it & put in a new stud, or does that not work on cast iron? Any tips here?

Any idea what size the studs are?
Thanks,
Abe

gr8fulabe

Rising Sun Member

No need for advice! New stud is in place!

MDH33

Hard Core 4+

So for the sake of making the thread useful in case someone else has this problem, what did you do to fix?

baja1d

Hard Core 4+

It appears that you and I are performing very similar swaps/mods. Let me know if you need any help or run into a snag. I'm in Littleton BTW.

Here's my plans: The 2F is going in this week along with the H55, split case w/ parking brake drum attachment, and tilt column/power steering. In addition I'll be installing a 4" alcan lift and wheel spacers.

Travis Hurley– Owner/ C.E.O.
Outer Limit Supply | Main: 720-987-4202
Est. 2014 | Littleton, Colorado
www.outerlimitsupply.com | [email protected]

Rzeppa

Rising Sun Member

The best way to remove old, stuck, broken rusted out broken bits of bolts or stud is to start out drilling a smallish hole as close to the center as possible. Gradually increase the diameter of the drill in steps, typically at least 3. As you start to graze the inside edge of the female threads, now it is time to run a tap through there. Often as not the tap will catch what remains of the bolt or stud and thread it right out. If not, you are still basically just chasing the threads and doing minimal damage.

Whatever you do, avoid using extractors (EZ-Outs). When they break off, now you have bits stuck in there that are as hard as or harder than drill bits themselves.

Jeff Zepp
Kittredge CO USA
1971 & 1976 FJ40s, 1978 FJ45, 1987 FJ60
Rising Sun 4WD Club, TLCA #4063
https://american3dprinting.net/

gr8fulabe

Rising Sun Member

exhaust stud

Hey Jeff,
That is basically exactly what we did, but we tried the Ez-outs before going to the tap.

1. used a grinder, super briefly, to flatten the broken stud.
2. We used a nail as a center punch, to put a little point on the old broken stud.
3. Drilled a small hole & tried to use ez-out. Repeated with several slightly larger ones to no avail. We used WD-40 while drilling as a lube, which seemed fine, but I have no idea if that is a good option.
4. Got to the point where we could start to see the threads, and tried the last ez-out for that size hole. didn't work.
5. Found one of the bolts that fit, and took it to Napa to get a new stud. They have a rack that has this sort of stuff on it, and had a pack of two, for $5.14. I lost the package, so i don't recall the size now. Hopefullly someone else can fill in that detail (something like m1.5x18 or so-ish).
6. Took the new stud (a tiny bit long, but otherwise a perfect match) to my friend's neighbors garage (he's building a plane in there, so he has it all). He pulled out a tiny guage that looked a lot like a feeler guage, but every piece had grooves on it. He fit the guage to the grooves on our post & told us the size, then loaned us the right tap for it.
7. While at Napa we also bought a can of actual cutting oil, but no clue if that is any different than WD-40.
8. one squirt of cutting oil & the tap chased the crap out of the treated pretty easily. pulled it out, shot a blast of air in to clean it out.
9. Threaded new post in without any trouble.
10. Pics of the new post attached up above.

Hope maybe this helps someone in the future. Sorry I lost the package of the correct studs.

gr8fulabe

Rising Sun Member

The pics make the new post look smaller, but I swear it is the same size.

also, Travis, we got the engine/tranny/transfer mounted up this last weekend. I'll post up some updates in that other thread. Maybe it will help you, and if not, at the very least maybe we can be an asset to each other as we work out the details.
best,
abe

SteveH

Hard Core 4+

Cutting oil is radically different from WD-40. It should be high in sulfur (hence it may stink) and offers high load protection for the drill bit. Tap Magic (sold at Grainger, among other places) used to be a chlorinated solvent, but is now an oil, too. I have used anti-sieze compound on taps, too, for better or worse. There was nothing wrong with shooting WD-40 into the hole initially, but it's not a suitable lube for drilling and tapping.

Rzeppa

Rising Sun Member

X2 on the WD-40, it is pretty worthless for the 2 things most people (attempt) to use it for, lubricating and penetrating. For cutting oil I use marvel mystery oil, although as Steve points out, the ones that contain sulfur are best. I have also seen cutting waxes, and even water soluble cutting lubricants for use with certain types of plastics which are sensitive to aromatic hydrocarbons. For penetrating, either liquid wrench or kroil are good commercial products, or Ed's Red if you're into home brew.

Going by memory I believe that thread pitch is M10x1.5 on those (assuming 14mm hex on the nuts).

While the belief in witches was not as widespread as it had been in earlier centuries, there were still isolated cases of people being accused of witchcraft. These accusations often arose from superstition and fear, rather than any actual evidence of wrongdoing. In some cases, people accused of witchcraft were ostracized or even physically harmed. Overall, the 19th century was a time of fascination and fear when it came to witches. While witch trials were largely a thing of the past, the belief in witches and their supernatural powers still persisted in some communities. With renewed interest in the occult and spiritualism, witches continued to captivate the imaginations of people throughout the century..

Reviews for "Witchcraft, Witch Trials, and the Law in the 19th Century"

- John - 2/5 stars - I found "Witches in the 19th century" to be quite dull and uninteresting. The plot was weak and predictable, and the characters felt one-dimensional. I was hoping for a captivating story about witches in a historical setting, but instead, I was left disappointed. The writing style was also lackluster, lacking the descriptive language and atmosphere that could have made the book more engaging. Overall, it was a forgettable read for me.

- Sarah - 1/5 stars - This book had so much potential, but it fell completely flat for me. The story felt disjointed and confusing, with multiple subplots that were never fully developed. The author introduced interesting concepts, such as the role of witches in the 19th century, but failed to explore them in a meaningful way. The characters were forgettable and lacked depth, making it difficult for me to care about their journey. I had high hopes for this book, but unfortunately, it didn't live up to my expectations.

- Mark - 2/5 stars - "Witches in the 19th century" was a disappointing read for me. The pacing was incredibly slow, with long stretches of mundane descriptions that added little to the overall story. The dialogue between characters felt forced and unnatural, making it difficult for me to connect with them. Additionally, I found the author's portrayal of witches to be cliche and lacking originality. For a book that promised a unique perspective on witches in the 19th century, it failed to deliver. I would not recommend this book to others.

Witchcraft and Social Reform in the 19th Century