Witch Trials Commemoration and Reconciliation: Bringing Communities Together

The commemoration of witchcraft trials refers to the recognition and remembrance of the historical events in which individuals, mostly women, were accused, tried, and often executed for practicing witchcraft. This dark chapter in history took place between the 15th and 18th centuries in Europe and North America and resulted in the persecution and death of thousands of innocent people. Commemorations of witchcraft trials vary in different countries and regions. In some places, such as Salem, Massachusetts, where the infamous Salem witch trials occurred in 1692, there are dedicated memorials, museums, and annual events that serve to remember the victims and educate the public about the injustices that took place. These commemorative activities often include reenactments, lectures, and exhibitions that shed light on the historical context, social dynamics, and consequences of the witch trials. In other parts of the world, such as Europe, where witch trials were widespread and affected numerous countries, efforts to commemorate the trials may take different forms.

Rebecca Nurse (about 1621–1692), Mary Esty (born about 1634–1692), and Sarah Cloyce (about 1641–1703) were sisters from the Towne family of Topsfield, Massachusetts. All three women were married with large extended families. Elderly Rebecca, a respected member of the church, was nearly deaf, which may have prevented her from defending herself fully in court. Dozens petitioned the court on her behalf. At first, the jury returned a not guilty verdict, but the judges asked them to reconsider. In a dramatic reversal, Rebecca was found guilty, condemned, and hanged. Mary put before the court two of the most eloquent, heartfelt petitions of the entire episode. The documents called for fair trials, exposed the flaws of the existing court, and proposed methods of getting to the truth behind the accusations. But they did not help her avoid execution. It is unknown how Sarah escaped the fate of her sisters. After months in prison, she was cleared. Sarah, her husband, and many members of the extended Towne family were among the first English settlers of Framingham.

Jonathan Corwin 1640 1718 was a merchant and political figure who held various positions, including serving as magistrate during the 1692 pre-trial examinations. Rebecca Nurse about 1621 1692 , Mary Esty born about 1634 1692 , and Sarah Cloyce about 1641 1703 were sisters from the Towne family of Topsfield, Massachusetts.

In other parts of the world, such as Europe, where witch trials were widespread and affected numerous countries, efforts to commemorate the trials may take different forms. Some countries have erected monuments or plaques in locations where the trials occurred, serving as a physical reminder of the past. Others hold public discussions, conferences, or exhibitions to raise awareness about the victims, their stories, and the impact of the witch trials on society.

The Salem Witch Trials of 1692

The Salem witch trials are a defining example of intolerance and injustice in American history. The extraordinary series of events in 1692 led to the deaths of 25 innocent women, men and children. The crisis in Salem, Massachusetts took place partly because the community lived under an ominous cloud of suspicion. A remarkable set of conflicts and tensions converged, sparking fear and setting the stage for the most widespread and lethal outbreak of witchcraft accusations on this continent.

Centuries after this storied crisis, the personal tragedies and grievous wrongs of the Salem Witch Trials continue to provoke reflection, reckoning and a search for meaning. Today, the City of Salem attracts more than one million tourists per year, many of whom are seeking to learn more about these events. The Peabody Essex Museum (PEM) holds one of the world’s most important collections of objects and architecture related to the Salem Witch Trials. From 1980 to 2023, PEM’s Phillips Library was the temporary repository of the state’s Supreme Judicial Court collection of Witch Trial documents. These legal records, which were returned to the Judicial Archives following the expansion and modernization of the Massachusetts State Archives facility, are available to researchers around the world on our website here thanks to a comprehensive digitization project undertaken by the museum. Through exhibitions, research, publishing and public programming, PEM is committed to telling the story of the Salem Witch Trials in ways that honor the victims and amplify the teachings of wrongful persecution that remain relevant to today.

The Salem Witch Trials Walk

This self-guided audio tour takes you inside the galleries and outside the museum to learn more about the infamous events of 1692. PEM curators and experts share a behind-the-scenes perspective of some of the most compelling stories in Salem in this 1 hour tour. Included with admission.

History and Origins of the Salem Witch Trials

English colonial settlers arrived in 1626 at Naumkeag, a traditional Native American fishing site, to establish a Massachusetts Bay Colony outpost. Most were Puritans who sought to purify the Church of England from Roman Catholic religious practices and build a utopian society. The settlers renamed the place Salem, after Jerusalem, the “city of peace.”

Over successive decades, waves of colonists arrived, changing the power dynamics in governance, land ownership and religion. By the 1670s, tensions between rural Salem Village (now Danvers) and the prosperous Salem Town flared. Contentions multiplied when Salem Village formed its own church and appointed a controversial minister. Changes to the colony’s charter and leadership, skirmishes with French colonists and their Indigenous allies, a smallpox epidemic, and extreme weather heightened concerns.

In January 1692, young girls in Salem Village reported that unseen agents or forces afflicted them. The minister suspected witchcraft. In the 17th century, a witch was understood as a person who agreed to serve the devil in opposition to the Christian church. On February 29, four men and four girls traveled to Salem Town to make complaints against three women. The next day interrogations began.

Notable Figures of the Witch Trials: The Accused and the Accusers

Learn more about the individuals who were involved in the Salem witch trials, both the accused and the accusers.

Historical research reveals a picture of Bridget Bishop (1632–1692) as a witty and independent, though quarrelsome, resident of Salem. Widowed twice, she was married to sawyer Edward Bishop. Attorney General Thomas Newton decided to put Bishop on trial first, perhaps looking for a strong case to set the tone for subsequent hearings. Accused and acquitted of witchcraft 12 years earlier, she may have been an easy target by association. Multiple accusers claimed Bishop’s specter was responsible for damages and afflictions. Their testimonies were the result of longstanding suspicions or misattributed gossip about Sarah Bishop—a different person entirely. No witchcraft allegedly perpetrated by Bishop was ever proven by the required testimony of two witnesses. Instead, the court relied on the spectral evidence claimed by the accusers, the only ones who could “see” the invisible world of demons. Tragically, this injustice against Bishop set the pattern for the remainder of the trials.

What little is known about Tituba is through her involvement in the witch trials. Documents refer to her as “Indian,” but it is likely that she was from an Indigenous community in the Caribbean, Florida, or South America. Reverend Samuel Parris enslaved Tituba and brought her to Boston and then Salem Village when he returned north from Barbados in 1680. Betty Parris, Parris’s daughter, and her cousin Abigail Williams identified Tituba as the perpetrator of their January and February afflictions, the first accusations of 1692. Tituba’s testimonies on March 1–2 confirmed for locals that a witchcraft conspiracy existed. In addition to confessing — undoubtedly under pressure — she accused Sarah Osburn and Sarah Good and said there were seven more witches, quickly widening the scope of the crisis. The court left Tituba to languish in prison until May 1693 when a grand jury rejected the charges brought against her. Shortly after, an enslaver, whose name is not known, paid her jail debts and released her to their ownership. The remainder of her life is a mystery.

George Jacobs Sr. (1620–1692) was born in London and was living in the Salem colony by 1649. As a country farmer suffering from arthritis, he used two canes to walk. He did not attend church regularly and had a reputation for a violent temper and defiant spirit. These facts — along with his son’s friendship with the Porter family, enemies of the powerful Putnam family —made Jacobs an easy target for early accusers. His granddaughter Margaret, who confessed to the charge of witchcraft, accused him. Then Mercy Lewis, a servant of Thomas Putnam, testified that Jacobs “did torture me and beat me with a stick which he had in his hand . . . coming sometimes with two sticks in his hands to afflict me.” His son and wife also contributed. In August, the court sentenced him to death.

Rebecca Nurse (about 1621–1692), Mary Esty (born about 1634–1692), and Sarah Cloyce (about 1641–1703) were sisters from the Towne family of Topsfield, Massachusetts. All three women were married with large extended families. Elderly Rebecca, a respected member of the church, was nearly deaf, which may have prevented her from defending herself fully in court. Dozens petitioned the court on her behalf. At first, the jury returned a not guilty verdict, but the judges asked them to reconsider. In a dramatic reversal, Rebecca was found guilty, condemned, and hanged. Mary put before the court two of the most eloquent, heartfelt petitions of the entire episode. The documents called for fair trials, exposed the flaws of the existing court, and proposed methods of getting to the truth behind the accusations. But they did not help her avoid execution. It is unknown how Sarah escaped the fate of her sisters. After months in prison, she was cleared. Sarah, her husband, and many members of the extended Towne family were among the first English settlers of Framingham.

Giles and Martha Corey: Both faced accusations by multiple people. In March, Giles testified against Martha claiming that she bewitched him and his farm animals. In September, when Giles refused to participate in his own trial, the court ordered him to be pressed under stones in order to extract a plea. He remained silent and died under the weight in the only death by pressing in Massachusetts history. Martha and seven other victims were hanged days later.

The Putnams, a well-established Puritan family, owned much of the land in Salem Village and supported the Reverend Samuel Parris. They were deeply involved in the witchcraft hunt, accusing and testifying against many community and extended family members.

Jonathan Corwin (1640–1718) was a merchant and political figure who held various positions, including serving as magistrate during the 1692 pre-trial examinations. Corwin lived in the house now known as the Witch House on the corner of Essex and Summer streets. Corwin remained on the bench until October 1692 when the governor officially disbanded the court of oyer and terminer. We do not know much about how Corwin felt about the trials because he spoke little during the examinations and never made any public statements. He never apologized for his role in the trials. His brother-in-law magistrate John Hathorne served as magistrate and one of Corwin’s children was listed as afflicted in Tituba’s examination in March. His mother-in-law Margaret Thacher was accused of witchcraft, but the charges against her were ignored and no arrest warrant was issued.

Born in England, Samuel Sewall (1652–1730) and his family emigrated to Newbury, Massachusetts, in the 1660s. A Harvard graduate, Sewall initially trained to become a clergyman. He later pursued a career in business, politics, and public service after marrying the daughter of a wealthy Boston merchant. His wife’s first cousin was the Reverend Samuel Parris. He derived significant income from real estate holdings in New England. Sewall was one of nine judges appointed by Governor William Phips to serve on the court in Salem to “hear and determine” accusations of witchcraft. These judges were respected, educated, and affluent members of the community, but none had formal legal training. While fulfilling his role as judge, Sewall took part in proceedings that sent 19 innocent persons to their deaths. In the aftermath of the trials, Sewall’s troubled conscience led to a change of heart and, in January 1697, he made a public confession of guilt, remorse, and repentance for the part he played in the trials and apologized for his role in the proceedings. For the rest of his life, Sewall observed a day of fasting as evidence of ongoing contrition. Sewall continued his judicial career for many years culminating in 1718 with his appointment as Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature. Sewall is also remembered for publishing the first anti-slavery tract in America in 1700.

Giles and Martha Corey: Both faced accusations by multiple people. In March, Giles testified against Martha claiming that she bewitched him and his farm animals. In September, when Giles refused to participate in his own trial, the court ordered him to be pressed under stones in order to extract a plea. He remained silent and died under the weight in the only death by pressing in Massachusetts history. Martha and seven other victims were hanged days later.

Commemorating the witchcraft trials serves multiple purposes. It honors the memory of those who suffered unjustly, acknowledges the atrocities committed during this period, and strives to ensure that similar events do not happen again. These commemorations also allow for a deeper understanding of the historical, social, and cultural factors that led to the mass hysteria and witch-hunts. Furthermore, they create an opportunity for reflection on the importance of justice, religious tolerance, and the protection of human rights in contemporary society. While the witch trials may seem distant and archaic, their impact continues to be felt today. Commemorations provide a platform for examining the lingering effects of the witch-hunts, such as the perpetuation of gender stereotypes and the stigmatization of marginalized groups. They also encourage critical thinking and dialogue about the origins and consequences of mass hysteria, fostering a more enlightened and empathetic society. In conclusion, the commemoration of witchcraft trials plays a crucial role in preserving the memory of the victims and raising awareness about the historical injustices committed during this period. These commemorations seek to educate the public and foster a better understanding of the social, cultural, and religious dynamics that contributed to the witch trials. By remembering the past, we can work towards creating a more inclusive and tolerant society that values justice and human rights..

Reviews for "Witch Trials Memorials as Lessons for the Present: Exploring the Connections to Modern-Day Witch Hunts"

1. John - 2 stars - I found "Commemoration of witchcraft trials" to be a rather dull and uninteresting exhibition. The artwork lacked creativity and the overall theme seemed forced. It felt like a missed opportunity to explore the historical context of witch trials in a meaningful and thought-provoking way. I expected more from this exhibition and was disappointed by the lackluster execution.

2. Sarah - 1 star - I was deeply disappointed by "Commemoration of witchcraft trials". The artwork was amateurish and lacked any depth or substance. The entire exhibition felt like a cheap attempt to capitalize on a popular topic without truly understanding or honoring its historical significance. The curator's choice of pieces failed to engage me, and I left feeling unsatisfied and unimpressed.

3. Michael - 2 stars - I was excited to attend "Commemoration of witchcraft trials" as a history enthusiast, but the exhibition fell short of my expectations. The display felt disjointed and lacked a clear narrative. The pieces themselves were underwhelming and failed to capture the intrigue and horror associated with witch trials. Overall, the exhibition appeared hastily put together and failed to do justice to its subject matter.

4. Emily - 2 stars - As someone who has a keen interest in witchcraft trials, I was eager to visit "Commemoration of witchcraft trials". However, I left feeling disappointed and underwhelmed. The exhibition lacked depth and failed to provide any new insight into the topic. The chosen artworks seemed unrelated and did not add to the overall experience. I had high hopes for this exhibition, but it failed to deliver a memorable or engaging experience.

Memorializing the Marginalized: Examining Gender and Power in Witchcraft Trials Commemoration